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The 2023 Asian Games in Hangzhou featured over 12,000 athletes from 45 National Olympic Committees competing in 40 sports. 

India sent a large contingent of over 650 athletes across 28+ disciplines, including cricket, athletics, and esports.

Key teams included Indian cricket, football, hockey, and athletes like Jyothi Yarraji.

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Key Highlights by Sport:

• Cricket: T20 format was used, with India winning gold in both men's and women's events, which featured teams from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• Athletics: Diverse events covering sprinting, jumping, and throwing, with athletes like Kiran Baliyan (Shot Put).
• Esports: Included as a medal event for the first time
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games
• The last edition of the Games was held in Hangzhou, China, from 23 September to 8 October 2023. 
• The next edition will be held in Aichi Prefecture and Nagoya, Japan, from 19 September to 4 October 2026.
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  BUY OR JOIN A LENDING LIBRARY
  BRING THESE HOME
  PLAY WITH DARLINGS
  FATHER AND MOTHER
  MAKE THE CHILDREN
  CELL PHONE MENACE FREE.
  REMEMBER YOU BROUGHT THEM
  IN THIS WORLD.
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  Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) was an Indian lawyer and anti-colonial nationalist who led India to independence from British rule using nonviolent resistance (satyagraha). 
• Born in Gujarat, he studied law in London, fought against racial discrimination in South Africa for 21 years, and upon returning to India in 1915, spearheaded major campaigns like the Salt March and Quit India Movement.
• Early Life and Education

  • Birth: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, to Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai.
  • Marriage:
     He had an arranged marriage to Kasturba Gandhi at age 13.
  Education: In 1888, he went to London to study law at University College London, becoming a barrister in 1891. 
  Life in South Africa (1893–1914)
  • Turning Point: While working in South Africa, Gandhi experienced intense racial discrimination, including being thrown off a train, which sparked his commitment to activism.
  • Satyagraha: He pioneered Satyagraha—non-violent resistance—and organized the Indian community to fight for civil rights, laying the foundation for his methods in India.
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• Indian Independence Movement (1915–1947)

  • Return to India: Gandhi returned in 1915 and became a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress.
  • Key Campaigns: He led nationwide campaigns for rural poor, women's rights, and religious unity, promoting Swadeshi (self-reliance).
  • Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22): A mass movement to boycott British goods, institutions, and laws.
  • Salt March (1930): A 240-mile march to Dandi to produce salt, directly challenging the British salt tax monopoly.
  • Quit India Movement (1942): Initiated during WWII, demanding an orderly British withdrawal, which resulted in his arrest. 

  Philosophy and Legacy

  • Core Principles: Gandhi’s life was guided by Truth (Satya) and Non-violence (Ahimsa).
  • Title: He is considered the "Father of the Nation" in India and often called 'Bapu'.
  • Death: He was assassinated on January 30, 1948, in Delhi. 
  • Key Publications
    • The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Autobiography)
    • Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
    • Editor of journals: Young India and Navajivan

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• Mahatma Gandhi had only one wife, Kasturba Gandhi (often referred to as Kasturba or "Ba"). They were married in 1883 in an arranged marriage when he was 13 and she was 14, and they remained together for 61 years until her death in 1944. 

  Key details about Gandhi's family life:

  • Wife: Kasturba Gandhi was a political activist who was heavily involved in the Indian independence movement and took over the management of his ashrams.
  • Children: They had four sons together: Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas, and Devdas.
  • Celibacy: At age 37, Gandhi took a lifelong vow of celibacy (brahmacharya) with Kasturba's consent.
  Parents: While Gandhi had one wife, his father, Karamchand Gandhi, was married four times. 
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TO BE IN THE KNOW- BE AWARE

WHOSE ADVT.IS THIS???

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Definitions of butte. noun. a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region; has a flat top and sloping sides. hill. a local and well-defined elevation of the land.

Sand dunes are most prevalent in major desert regions—specifically the Sahara, Namib, Arabian, and Gobi deserts—and along coastal areas like Lençóis Maranhenses (Brazil) and the Skeleton Coast (Namibia).
The world's largest, tallest dunes are in the Badain Jaran Desert (China) and Sossusvlei (Namibia)
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Glaciers are large, persistent, moving bodies of ice formed on land by accumulating, compressed snow.
 They function as crucial freshwater reservoirs and "water towers" that store over two-thirds of Earth’s freshwater.
Key uses include supplying drinking water, powering hydropower plants, and irrigating agriculture, though they are currently rapidly shrinking due to climate change.
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Australia is the world's only "island continent," a massive landmass surrounded by water.
Other top islands include Greenland (largest island), New Guinea, Borneo, Madagascar, and Baffin.
 Indonesia is the largest island country, featuring over 17,000 islands. Islands are categorized as continental or volcanic, with over 93 island nations worldwide.
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Top 5 Largest Islands in the World (by Area) 

• Greenland: 2,166,086 km² (Autonomous territory of Denmark)
• New Guinea: 785,753 km² (Shared by Indonesia/Papua New Guinea)
• Borneo: 748,138 km² (Shared by Indonesia/Malaysia/Brunei)
• Madagascar: 587,041 km²
• Baffin Island: 507,451 km² (Canada)
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• Island Continent
  • Australia: Though considered a continent due to size (
    
    
    
    
    
    
    7662000 SQUARE METERS.)
    
    
    
    
    
    , t s completely surrounded by water.
  Significant Island Countries and Territories
  • Largest Island Country: Indonesia (1,904,569 km²)
  • Notable Island Nations: Philippines, Japan, Madagascar, Cuba, Iceland
  • Smallest Island Countries: Nauru (21 km²), Tuvalu (26 km²), Marshall Islands 
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  • Continental Islands: Once connected to a continent, such as Greenland or New Guinea.
  • Volcanic Islands: Formed by volcanic eruptions, such as the Hawaiian Islands, Fiji, or the Aleutian Islands.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area
  • Archipelagoes: Closely spaced groups of islands, such as the Cyclades in Greece.
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  • 
    Canyons are deep, narrow, steep-walled valleys formed over millions of years, primarily through the erosion of rock by rivers, wind, or glaciers. 
  • They are typically found in arid regions, on continental slopes (as submarine canyons), and between mountain peaks.
  • Key Characteristics
    • Formation: Created by the erosive power of flowing water and rivers cutting into bedrock, often accompanied by tectonic uplift.
    • Structure: Extremely steep, often vertical walls, characterized by rugged topography and narrow gorges.
    • Types: Include classic river-cut canyons
    •  (e.g., Grand Canyon),
    •  mountain canyons (e.g., in the Himalayas), 
    • slot canyons (very narrow), and
    • box canyons (closed at one end).
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    • Famous Canyon Examples
      • Grand Canyon (USA): Cut by the Colorado River in Arizona, it is a massive and popular example.
      • Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge (Tibet): Considered the deepest canyon in the world.
      • Copper Canyon (Mexico): A system larger than the Grand Canyon.
      • Submarine Canyons: The Grand Bahama Canyon (Atlantic)
      •  and Monterey Canyon (California) 
      • are examples of large, deep underwater valleys. 
      Canyons are generally found in areas where geological uplift has exposed hard rock that the river cuts through rather than eroding the landscape into a wider valley.
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    • Famous volcanoes include active sites like 
    • Barren Island (India),
    •  Kīlauea (Hawaii), and 
    • Stromboli (Italy), which erupt frequently, 
    • and dormant, or sleeping, volcanoes such as 
    • Mount Fuji (Japan),
    •  Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), and 
    • Narcondam Island (India).
    •  Active volcanoes show recent activity; 
    • dormant volcanoes have not erupted recently but are expected to awaken. 
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    • Famous Active Volcanoes (Constantly or Recently Erupting)

      • Barren Island Volcano (India): Located in the Andaman Sea, it is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia, with frequent eruptions since 1991.
      • Kīlauea (Hawaii): One of the most active volcanoes in the world, located on the Big Island of Hawaii.
      • Stromboli (Italy): Known as the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean," it has been erupting almost continuously for2,000 years.
      • Mount Etna (Italy): One of the world's most active stratovolcanoes, located in Sicily.
      • Sakurajima (Japan): A very active volcano located near Kagoshima that frequently spews ash. 

      F Dormant Volcanoes (Sleeping, Potential to Erupt) 

      • Mount Fuji (Japan): A iconic, snow-capped cone that last erupted in 1707 but is considered active due to its potential.
      • Narcondam Island (India): A dormant stratovolcano in the Andaman Sea that last showed activity in 1681 and small steam releases in 2005.
      • Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania): A massive dormant stratovolcano in Africa with three volcanic cones.
      • Mauna Kea (Hawaii): A dormant shield volcano that last erupted about 3,500 years ago.
      • Mount Rainier (USA): A large, dangerous dormant volcano in Washington state.
      • Key Differences
        • Active Volcanoes: Currently erupting or showing signs of activity (e.g., gas, earthquakes).
        • Dormant Volcanoes: "Sleeping," but expected to erupt again, such as Mount Fuji.
        • Extinct Volcanoes: Not expected to erupt again, such as the Dhinodhar Hills in India, which last erupted 500 million years ago. 
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WE WILL KNOW MORE ABOUT FAMOUS VALLEYS  AFTERWARDS